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By ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ²Π° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ° Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, β ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ (1828β1910) β Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ-ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΈΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡ, Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ Π‘Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ» Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π―ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΡΡ . ΠΠΎΠ΅Π·Π΄ΠΊΠ° Π·Π° Π³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π²ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΈΠ»Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΆΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ.
Π 1862 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» "Π―ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π°", Π° Π² 1872 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ "ΠΠ·Π±ΡΠΊΠ°" β ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΡ ΠΈ Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅. ΠΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ "ΠΠ·Π±ΡΠΊΠ°" ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π», Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΡΠΌΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π·Π°Π³Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ². ΠΠ»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ "ΠΠ·Π±ΡΠΊΠ΅", Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π»ΠΈ Π°Π·Ρ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡ.
ΠΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π² Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ Π³Π΅ΡΠΎΠΈ, Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Ρ, ΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ Π΄ΡΡ Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠ΅, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ.
ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Ρ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΠ· "ΠΠ·Π±ΡΠΊΠΈ" Π.Π. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· "Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠΊ" (1875) β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅, ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ.
The works of Leo Tolstoy β timeless classics of world literature β are familiar to everyone from their school days. This collection brings together the best stories, fables, and epics used in school literary reading programs β the very works that inspire dictations, summaries, and essays.
Leo Tolstoy (1828β1910) was not only one of the world's greatest novelists but also a distinguished thinker, educator, publicist, and hero of the Siege of Sevastopol. His dedication to education led him to establish schools for peasant children in his estate, Yasnaya Polyana, and surrounding villages. A trip abroad to study European systems of public education only strengthened his resolve to create a unique pedagogical system, one that differed from traditional disciplinary approaches and rigid curricula.
In 1862, Tolstoy began publishing the educational journal "Yasnaya Polyana," and in 1872, his famous "ABC" was published β a unique primer for teaching children reading, writing, and arithmetic. This four-volume "ABC" contains not only educational material but also captivating short stories, enchanting epics, insightful fables, intriguing riddles, and valuable methodological recommendations for educators. Thanks to the "ABC," children learned the basics of literacy easily and with pleasure.
Many of Tolstoy's stories and fables are dedicated to the lives of peasant children. These instructive and heartwarming tales immerse the reader in the atmosphere of a simple Russian village, where the characters, through their perseverance, strength of spirit, and kindness, achieve their goals and realize their dreams.
This collection includes stories, fables, and epics from L.N. Tolstoy's "ABC," including the beloved story "Filipok" (1875) β the tale of a young peasant boy whose overwhelming desire to learn overcomes all obstacles, including age restrictions for school admission.