By ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ (1799-1837) β ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ°, Π½Π΅ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΠΊ, ΠΎΠ½ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°, "ΡΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ", ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ» ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ΅, Π·Π²ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ.
Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π²Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»Π° β Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ I ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½Π° Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π° β ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅ β ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² 15 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π» ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ "ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π¦Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅Π»Π΅" ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»Π°Π²ΠΎΠΉ Π΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ: ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·Π³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΠ»Π° Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ "ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ", ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ I, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π». Π’Π΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π± Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π° 37 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Ρ ("ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ½"), ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π° ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° β ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΠ»Π°, ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π»Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ.
"ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°" (1830) β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Π°ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Π°, ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ, ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ°Π·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π° 40 Π΄Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΠΎΠ»Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡ 1830 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Ρ ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Π°, ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
Alexander Pushkin (1799-1837) β a name synonymous with Russian literature. The greatest Russian poet and prose writer, he holds a unique place in his nation's literary heritage, a founder of realism, the "sun of our poetry," as Vladimir Odoevsky aptly described him. His genius so profoundly transformed the Russian language that his 19th-century works resonate with a startling modernity and vibrancy.
Born in Moscow to a family of a military advisor and a woman of the court, a granddaughter of Abram Hannibal β an African who served Peter the Great and rose to the rank of general β Pushkin hailed from an old, though not wealthy, noble family. His literary talent blossomed early, during his years at the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum, an elite educational institution for children of the nobility. At just 15, he caused a sensation at a public examination, reciting his "Memories in Tsarskoye Selo" and earning the enthusiastic praise of Gabriel Derzhavin himself, a living legend of Russian poetry.
Pushkin enjoyed immense fame during his lifetime: the press hailed him as a genius and the "first Russian poet," he enjoyed the favor of Emperor Nicholas I, and every one of his creations became a literary event. However, his service as a titular councilor and the constraints of censorship hampered his creative potential. Nevertheless, the sheer scale of his legacy, produced in just 37 years, is awe-inspiring: poignant poems, the monumental verse novel "Eugene Onegin," enchanting fairy tales, brilliant prose, and, of course, his unforgettable lyrical poetry. A hallmark of his work is its potent poetic force, precise imagery, and remarkable brevity.
"The Tales of Belkin" (1830) β Pushkin's first completed prose work, published but initially not widely acclaimed. Written in just over 40 days in the village of Bolshoy Boldino in the autumn of 1830, during a period of enforced confinement due to cholera quarantines, these tales represent one of the most prolific periods in the life of this literary giant.