By ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ
ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ (1828β1910) β ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ² Β«ΠΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΒ», Β«ΠΠ½Π½Π° ΠΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ½Π°Β», Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Β», ΠΎΠ½ ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΄ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π―ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ, Π² Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅, ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π» Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡ, ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π² Π² ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅. Π 1837 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π°Π» Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΠ° Π’.Π. ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ.
Π 1851 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠΈ ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΡ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΡ. Π 1852 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΒ» Π±ΡΠ» ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ.
ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π°Π» Π² Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³, ΡΡΠ°Π² Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Β», ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ.
</section> <section>Π 1872 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π»Π° Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ». ΠΡΠ° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅, Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘Π°Π΄ΠΎ, ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄Π²Π° Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π» Π² ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡΡ Π΄Π°Π»Π΅ΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. ΠΠΈΡΡ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π±Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΡΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΠ½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ β ΡΡΠΎΠΊ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ.
Leo Tolstoy (1828β1910) β a name forever etched in the annals of world literature. The author of the world-renowned novels "War and Peace," "Anna Karenina," and "Resurrection," he left an indelible mark on the hearts of millions of readers. Born into the opulence and comfort of Yasnaya Polyana, a wealthy aristocratic family, Leo Tolstoy experienced the bitterness of loss early in life, orphaned at a young age. In 1837, along with his sister and three brothers, he moved to Moscow, where their upbringing was overseen by a distant relative, T.A. Yergolskaya.
In 1851, Tolstoy embarked on a military career in the Caucasus, where the rugged landscapes and turbulent events inspired his first literary endeavors. In 1852, his story "Childhood" was published in the prestigious journal "Sovremennik," receiving high praise from Nikolai Nekrasov himself, marking the beginning of a brilliant literary career.
After the Crimean War, Tolstoy moved to St. Petersburg, becoming an active member of the "Sovremennik" literary circle, associating with prominent writers of his time.
</section> <section>In 1872, the remarkable novella "The Caucasian Prisoner" was published. This story, based on Tolstoy's personal experiences in the Caucasus, captivates the reader from the very first pages. Along with his Chechen friend Sado, Leo Tolstoy narrowly escaped capture, finding themselves far from their detachment. Only the vigilance of a sentry at the Grozny fortress prevented their capture.
The novella tells the story of a Russian officer, Zhilin, who is taken prisoner by the highlanders. His relationships with the locals are fraught with conflict, but a kind girl, Dina, becomes his true friend. Tolstoy vividly portrays the details of Zhilin's captivity, showing the horrors of war, condemning inter-ethnic strife and hatred. This work is a lesson in humanism and peaceful coexistence, written in a lively and accessible language.