By ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ
ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ (1828-1910) β ΠΈΠΌΡ, Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ Π² Π―ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½Π΅ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅, ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π½Π°Π» Π³ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Π·Π΄ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Ρ Π² 1837 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π’.Π. ΠΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π° Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅ (Ρ 1851 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°) ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π²Π΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Β«ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ».
ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π³ΠΈ Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π», ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ² ΡΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Β» Π² Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ» Π² 1852 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° Π.Π. ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π°, ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ, Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π°Π» Π² Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π» ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΡΠΆΠΊΠ° Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ», ΠΎΠΊΡΠ½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡΡ Π² Π±ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡ.
ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² 1872 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ Β«ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΒ» β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½ ΠΊ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΡΠΎ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π° ΠΠ°Π²ΠΊΠ°Π·Π΅. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΠΌ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΌ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π‘Π°Π΄ΠΎ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π» Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π°. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΡ .
Π ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ΄ΡΠ±Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π°, Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ Π°ΡΠ»Π°, ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠΆΠ±Π° Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π΅Π²ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡ. Π’ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π³ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π° β ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π·Π»ΠΎ.
Leo Tolstoy (1828-1910) β a name forever etched in the annals of world literature. Born into a wealthy aristocratic family at Yasnaya Polyana, he experienced the bitterness of early orphanhood. His move to Moscow in 1837, and upbringing under the care of his distant relative T.A. Ergolskaya, shaped the complex and multifaceted character of the future literary giant. His military service in the Caucasus (from 1851) served as a wellspring of inspiration for many of his works, including 'The Caucasian Prisoner'.
Tolstoy's literary journey began with the submission of his manuscript 'Childhood' to the influential journal 'The Contemporary' in 1852. The high praise from N.A. Nekrasov, the journal's editor, provided a powerful impetus for the young writer. After the Crimean War, Tolstoy moved to St. Petersburg and became a member of the 'The Contemporary' literary circle, immersing himself in the vibrant intellectual life of the capital.
Written in 1872, 'The Caucasian Prisoner' is more than just a gripping tale of a Russian officer captured by mountaineers. It is a profound philosophical work reflecting Tolstoy's personal experiences in the Caucasus. The novella is based on a real-life incident where Tolstoy himself, along with his Chechen friend Sado, narrowly avoided capture by mountaineers while separated from their unit. Only the vigilance of a sentry prevented their capture.
The novella follows the fate of Officer Zhilin, his complex relationships with the villagers, and his unexpected friendship with the kind girl Dina, highlighting the tragic consequences of war and condemning ethnic hatred. Tolstoy's realistic depiction of the details of captivity underscores the humanistic idea that war is always an evil.