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ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ | The History of a Town. Fairy Tales
By Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ» ΠΠ²Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π°: Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Β» ΠΈ Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ
ΠΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π°
Π’Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΠΈΡ Π°ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ²Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ° Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π° (1826β1889) ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Ρ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Β«ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈΒ». ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ β ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ, ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π³ΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ½Π°Ρ, Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°.
Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Β»: Π‘Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²Ρ
Π ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΅ Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°Β» (1869β1870) Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΡΡ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ Π³Π°Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π³Π»ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π³ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² β Π²ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡΠ²Π°. Π§Π΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠ»ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ ΠΈΡ Π² Π³ΠΈΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅. Β«βΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π°β β ΡΡΠΎ, Π² ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π² Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π½ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠ»ΡΠΏΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΌβ¦Β» β ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ» Π.Π‘. Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π².
Π‘ΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½Π°: ΠΡΠΈΡΡΠΈ ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ
- Β«ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΌΡΠΆΠΈΠΊ Π΄Π²ΡΡ Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΠ»Β» (1869): ΠΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
- Β«ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡΒ» (1883): Π ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°Π»Π»Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²-Π©Π΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»ΠΈΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π³ΡΠΎΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΒ», Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π·Π°Π΄ΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π΅ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠ°.
Saltykov-Shchedrin's World of Satire: 'The History of a Town' and his Greatest Fairy Tales
Saltykov-Shchedrin's World of Satire
The works of Mikhail Evgrafovich Saltykov-Shchedrin (1826β1889) are rightfully called a "satirical encyclopedia of Russian life." His writings are not merely literary works, but a biting, often grotesque, yet always insightful critique of the vices and flaws of 19th-century Russian society.
'The History of a Town': A Satirical Masterpiece
In 'The History of a Town' (1869β1870), Saltykov-Shchedrin creates a vivid and unforgettable gallery of Glupov's mayors β embodiments of bureaucracy, stupidity, and tyranny. Through the comical depiction of the fictional town of Glupov, the author exposes deep-rooted vices of Russian society, presenting them in a hyperbolized yet strikingly realistic manner. "The History of a Town is, in essence, a satirical history of Russian society in the latter half of the last and the beginning of the present century, presented in the form of a comical description of the town of Glupov and the mayors who successively ruled it..." β perceptively noted I.S. Turgenev.
Saltykov-Shchedrin's Fairy Tales: Parables of an Era
- 'The Tale of How One Muzhik Fed Two Generals' (1869): This ironic and scathing fairy tale reveals the theme of the omnipotence and inaction of the bureaucracy, their complete inability to work, and their parasitic dependence on the common people.
- 'The Wise Piskar' (1883): In this profound allegory, Saltykov-Shchedrin exposes the cowardice, careerism, and political opportunism of a segment of the intelligentsia after the crushing of the revolutionary organization 'Narodnaya Volya,' prompting reflection on the price of safety and compromise.