By Π¨ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ΄
ΠΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ΄ Π¨ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅Ρ, 2023
ΠΡΠ²Π°Π»ΡΠ΄ Π¨ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ» ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. ΠΠ½ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°, ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±Π΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅Ρ. ΠΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π¨ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π³Π»Π΅ΡΠ°, Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ XX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π»Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π» Π² 1918 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
Oswald Spengler, 2023
Oswald Spengler proposed a theory of cyclical historical development, challenging the notion of linear progress. He posited that cultures emerge, flourish, decline, and perish in cycles, each lasting approximately a millennium. Spengler argued that Western culture had reached its period of decline by the turn of the 20th century. The first volume of this seminal work was published in 1918, sparking considerable debate.