By ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΡΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Π―ΠΊΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π₯VIII β ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ Π₯IΠ₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°. Β«Π ΡΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ»Ρ: Π€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Β» ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π° ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π΅ Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ² Π―. Π. ΠΠΎΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΠΈ β ΠΎΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΠΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ II, Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° III, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΆΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΈΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ β Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ° Π₯VIIIβΠ₯IΠ₯ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ Β«ΠΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΎ ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Β» β ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ΄, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. Π 1831 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΉ I ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ» Π΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠ½ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΠ½Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ½Π° ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ»Π»ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ², Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π° Β«ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Β» Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄ΡΠ° I, Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ², ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ.
This publication includes two books by Yakov Gordyn, a renowned writer, journalist, and researcher of Russian history from the 18th to the first half of the 19th century. 'Russian Duel: Philosophy, Ideology, Practice' explores the duel as a central element of aristocratic culture, examining its role in defending honor. Based on archival documents and memoirs, the book traces the history of the Russian duel from the era of Catherine II, through the first duels, to the reign of Alexander III, when the tradition was already fading. It covers famous duelists, the causes of conflicts, and the conditions of duels, as well as attempts by authorities to ban duels. The main plot of 'Mystics and Guardians, or The Case of the Masonic Conspiracy' is an historical episode involving many prominent figures of the Pushkin era, including the emperor himself. In 1831, Tsar Nicholas I received a report from Prince Andrey Golitsyn about a conspiracy by the Illuminati, which named the names of 'high-ranking officials' of Russia. This version of the myth of a global Masonic conspiracy was born from the fierce conflict that began during the reign of Alexander I, within Masonic societies, between mystics and Orthodox believers, reformers and conservatives.