By Π’ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π±ΠΈ ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ
Π’ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π±ΠΈ ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ ΠΠΆΠΎΠ·Π΅Ρ, 2023
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π.ΠΠΆ. Π’ΠΎΠΉΠ½Π±ΠΈ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ» ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π° ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ. Π‘ΠΌΡΡΠ» ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π½Π°Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΌΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡ Π½Π° Π²ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ.
Arnold Joseph Toynbee, 2023
This book presents A.J. Toynbee's theory of civilizations, outlining his criteria for assessing them based on temporal and spatial resilience, as well as their responses to challenges and interactions with other peoples. Toynbee posits that comparable historical units, or monads, progress through similar developmental stages. Thriving civilizations navigate phases of genesis, growth, breakdown, and disintegration. The advancement of a civilization hinges on its creative minority's capacity to address challenges posed by the natural world and its social environment.