By ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π§Π°ΡΠ»ΡΠ·
ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ, Π° Π² Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌ. Π Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄Π²Π΅Π½Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Ρ 1840 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π° ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π‘Π¨Π, ΠΠ°Π½Π°Π΄Ρ, ΠΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠΈ, Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Ρ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎβΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ². ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π₯Π°Π±Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Ρ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π·Π° ΡΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°Π½ΠΊΠΎΠ².
The book investigates why banking systems are stable in some countries and prone to crises in others. It shows that the United States experienced twelve systemic banking crises since 1840, while Canada recorded none, and that Mexico and Brazil suffered crises without providing significant credit to households and firms. By analysing several centuries of political and banking history in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Mexico and Brazil, the authors demonstrate that chronic banking crises and credit shortages are the result of deliberate political-economic arrangements. Kalomiris and Haber trace how coalitions of politicians, bankers and interest groups are formed, maintained and used to decide who becomes a banker, who receives credit, and who bears the cost of bank rescues.