By ΠΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈ
ΠΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½ ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈ, 2017
Π Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ Π΄Π²Π°Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈ ΠΠ»ΡΠΉΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ² Π°Π΄Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ β ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏ ΠΊ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ. ΠΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ΅ β Π΄ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΠ΄ΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π‘ΡΠΏΠ΅Ρ-ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ, Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π» Π€ΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ΄. Π’ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ β ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅ΡΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΠΊ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ.
Melanie Klein, 2017
In the early twentieth century, many psychoanalysts believed that young children were unsuitable for analytical treatment. Melanie Klein challenged this view, proposing instead to adapt the method. This led to three significant discoveries. First, she developed the technique of psychoanalytic play therapy, viewing spontaneous childhood play as equivalent to dreams, thus providing access to the child's unconscious. Second, she demonstrated that the Oedipus complex and the Superego emerge in the earliest stages of psychic development, much earlier than Freud had suggested. Third, she established that a child as young as three years and four months is capable of transference that can be interpreted, making psychoanalytic treatment feasible.