By Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ (1823β1871) β ΡΠΈΠ³ΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π° Π² ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π½Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π°Π½Π½Π°Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅Π΄Π°Π³ΠΎΠ³, Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅, Π·Π°ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈ.
Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Ρ , ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«ΠΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ±Ρ Π·Π°ΠΉΠΊΠΈΒ», Β«ΠΡΠ΅Π»ΠΊΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ°Π·Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΊΠ΅Β» ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ . Π§ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΡΡΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ β ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡ.
Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ», ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΉΠΌΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ, Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π£ΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Β«Π§Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅Π»Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ», Β«ΠΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π° Π²ΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΎΒ», Β«Π’ΡΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΠ°Π½ΡΒ», ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠΊΠ°Ρ . ΠΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ , ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠΌ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΈΠ·Π±Π°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Ρ Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°.
Konstantin Dmitrievich Ushinsky (1823β1871) stands as a colossal figure in the history of Russian and world pedagogy. His name is forever etched in the annals of national culture as the founder of scientific pedagogy in Russia and the creator of the Russian folk school. Not only a brilliant educator, Ushinsky was also an unsurpassed master of children's literature, creating works that are not merely entertaining stories but vivid, memorable moral lessons.
Ushinsky portrays nature with remarkable sensitivity and love in his stories such as "The Hare's Complaints," "Bees on Reconnaissance," and many others. The reader is immersed in a vibrant, unique world, full of mysteries and wonders, where every creature is part of a harmonious whole. These stories teach children to observe, empathize, and understand the world around them.
Ushinsky believed that through folk creativity, children would gain a deeper understanding of folk life, its values, and traditions.
Ushinsky's works dedicated to children's problems, such as "Four Wishes," "Crowded Together, Lonely Apart," and "Fearful Vanya," help children understand their own feelings and actions. Through simple, clear examples, they show children how to overcome difficulties, get rid of negative character traits, and develop positive qualities.