By ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½
ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ (1799β1837) β ΠΈΠΌΡ, ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ. Β«Π‘ΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈΒ», ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ° ΠΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π² Π΅ΠΌΡ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ, ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π²Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°.
Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΠΎΡΠΊΠ²Π΅, Π² ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π±Π°ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΈ, Π²Π½ΡΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ° ΠΠ°Π½Π½ΠΈΠ±Π°Π»Π° β Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ°, ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ I ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π°. ΠΡΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ΅, ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΡ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ΅Π΅, ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π·Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ. Π 15 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΡ, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ°Π² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΈ Β«ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π¦Π°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π‘Π΅Π»Π΅Β», ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ² Π²ΡΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΠ΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ½Π° β ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»Π΅Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π±ΡΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π³ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΈΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ»Π°ΠΉ I ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π» Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Π° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΠ° Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π»Π°Π½Ρ. Π Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΆΠ΅, Π·Π° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ 37 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ: ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½Π·ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌΡ, Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ Π² ΡΡΠΈΡ Π°Ρ (Β«ΠΠ²Π³Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΅Π³ΠΈΠ½Β»), ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ, Π±Π»Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ, Π½Π΅Π·Π°Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
Β«ΠΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉΒ» (1833) β Π·Π°Ρ Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈ. ΠΠ΄ΠΎΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ» ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π· ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠ½Π΅, Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΠΎΠΉΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ. ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ±Π°Π²ΠΈΠ» ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±Π²ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΄Π°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ Π³Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Ρ ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΏ β ΠΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· ΠΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ Ρ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π½ΡΠ½ΠΈ, ΠΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ.
ΠΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ½ Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅Π» Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Β«ΠΡΠ±ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎΒ», Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π·ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ β Β«ΠΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Β». ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΡΠ»Π° ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ, ΡΡΠ°Π² Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°.
Alexander Pushkin (1799β1837) β a name synonymous with the grandeur of Russian literature. Called "the sun of our poetry" by Vladimir Odoevsky, he didn't merely create masterpieces; he reshaped the Russian language itself, imbuing it with a flexibility, beauty, and depth that resonate even today, two centuries later. His works remain strikingly relevant, vividly reflecting the life and soul of the Russian people.
The future genius was born in Moscow, into the family of a military advisor and a socialite, the granddaughter of Abram Hannibal β an African who served Peter the Great and rose to the rank of general. This aristocratic background, albeit not wealthy, became an integral part of Pushkin's worldview.
Even at the Lyceum, an elite noble educational institution, young Alexander began writing poetry. At the age of 15, he stunned the audience by reciting his "Remembrances in Tsarskoye Selo" at a public examination, earning the highest praise from Gavril Derzhavin himself β a living legend of Russian poetry.
Pushkin was recognized as a genius during his lifetime. His name echoed in the press, Emperor Nicholas I patronized him, and each of his creations became a major literary event. However, his service as a titular councilor and censorship often stifled his talent. Yet, in a remarkably short 37 years, he produced an incredible wealth of work: poignant poems, the monumental verse novel ("Eugene Onegin"), enchanting fairy tales, brilliant prose, and, of course, unforgettable poems.
"Dubrovsky" (1833) is a captivating tale of injustice and impossible love. The inspiration for the plot came from a friend's story about a nobleman who, stripped of his estate, turned to banditry. Pushkin added the heartbreaking story of the love between children of sworn enemies, giving the tale exceptional depth and emotional resonance. Even the village of Kistenyovki has its real-life counterpart β Kistenevo, a gift from Pushkin's father in honor of his future wedding. Even the character of Yegorovna is based on his nanny, Arina Rodionovna.
Pushkin did not live to complete "Dubrovsky," perhaps due to concerns about censorship or a shift in focus towards his documentary prose β "The History of Pugachev." The novella was published only four years after his death, becoming an immortal legacy of the great Russian poet.