By ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠ»ΡΠΈΡ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², 2021, ΠΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π΅, Π²ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² 1889 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΠ΅Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π»ΠΈΠ½Π΅ΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ, Π² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°. Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π° ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ°: ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΊΠ΅Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ, Π·Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π½Π° Π±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°Ρ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊ.
Lev Ilyich Mechnikov, 2021, World History
In his seminal work, first published in 1889, Lev Mechnikov presents a linear-evolutionary concept of societal development. The author posits geographical factors, specifically water resources, as a primary driver of historical progress. Human history is divided into three stages: riverine, maritime, and oceanic, reflecting shifts in dependency and freedom. This book explores civilizations that emerged along the banks of great rivers.