By Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π² ΠΠ²Π°Π½ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ²Π°Π½ Π‘Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅Π΅Π²ΠΈΡ Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π² (1818-1883) β Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Ρ XIX Π²Π΅ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π³Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ Π² ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠΌΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π²ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ "Π ΡΠ΄ΠΈΠ½", "ΠΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π³Π½Π΅Π·Π΄ΠΎ", "ΠΠ°ΠΊΠ°Π½ΡΠ½Π΅", ΡΠΏΠΎΡ Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½ "ΠΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠΈ", ΡΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ "ΠΡΡ" ΠΈ "ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Ρ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²Ρ", Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ "ΠΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ" ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ "ΠΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅".
ΠΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½, ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π» Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΡΠ±Ρ Π‘ΠΏΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅-ΠΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎ ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΄Π°. Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ·ΡΠΊ, Π»ΡΠ±ΠΈΠΌΡΠΉ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ» Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠ΅, Π½ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π½ΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. Π£ΠΆΠ΅ Π² 15 Π»Π΅Ρ ΠΎΠ½ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π» ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡ, Π° ΠΊ 19 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π΄Π»Π΅ΠΆΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΌ! ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π΄Π²ΠΎΡΡΠ½, Π° Π·Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°.
Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π² Π±ΡΠ» Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²Π·ΠΎΠΉΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π» ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π· "Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΠΊΠ°" β Π½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΈΠ» ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ» ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅Ρ, Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°Π» ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΠΉΠ·Π°ΠΆΠ΅ΠΉ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΅Π²Π°Π» Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π²ΠΎ Π€ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ½Π³Π»ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΠ» Π·Π°ΠΏΠ°Π΄Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ·Ρ, Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π΅Ρ Π·Π° ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π΅ΡΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ "ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°", ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ· 25 ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ², Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ β "Π₯ΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ", ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π»Π΅ "Π‘ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊ". ΠΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΌΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ "ΠΠ· Π·Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°" (Π’ΡΡΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅Π² Π±ΡΠ» ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ) ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π» ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»Π°, ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΌ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° Π±ΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° Ρ Π½Π΅Π½Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΠ°Π³ΠΎΠΌ β ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎΠΌ.
Ivan Sergeyevich Turgenev (1818-1883) β an unparalleled voice of Russian classicism in the second half of the 19th century, leaving an indelible mark on world literature. His name is inextricably linked with such masterpieces as "Rudin," "A Nest of Gentlefolk," "On the Eve," the seminal novel "Fathers and Sons," the poignant novellas "Asya" and "First Love," the lyrical "Spring Torrents," and the charming "A Month in the Country."
Born into an aristocratic and wealthy family of Tula nobility, young Ivan spent his childhood in the opulent setting of the Spasskoye-Lutovinovo estate in the Mzensky district. French, favored by his mother, was the dominant language in the household, yet this did not hinder his passionate embrace of Russian literature. At the tender age of 15, he began writing, and by 19, he had already penned around a hundred poems and longer works! His education took place in prestigious boarding schools for the nobility, culminating in studies at the philosophy faculty of St. Petersburg University.
Turgenev was an unsurpassed chronicler of his time. He was the first to create the complex and contradictory image of the "new man" β the nihilist, realistically depicted the lives of the Russian people, perceptively assessed the changing role of women in society, and, finally, with unparalleled love and subtlety, captured the beauty of Russia's modest rural landscapes. His work became a true mirror of the era, reflecting all its contradictions and aspirations.
During his lifetime, Turgenev achieved international acclaim, becoming the most widely read Russian author in Germany, and enjoying significant popularity in France and England. He introduced modern Russian prose to the West, actively promoting it abroad. His immortal collection "A Hunter's Notes," comprising 25 stories, originated from a single piece β "Khor and Kalinich," published in the journal "Sovremennik." The editor's addition of the subtitle "From a Hunter's Notes" (Turgenev was a renowned hunter in Russia) suggested to the author the idea of creating a cycle, the underlying meaning of which was the struggle against an enemy hated since childhood β serfdom.